Free Essays on Learner Strategy Training

Learner Strategy Training It has its early roots in studies of â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† language learners. Relevant factors, believed to be contributing to their success, were extracted by using tests of psycolinguistic factors, interviews and other data analysis. Good learners... ... find their own way, taking charge of their learning ...are creative, developing a â€Å"feel† for language ...practice language inside and outside the classroom ...learn to continue talking and listening without understanding every word ...make errors work for them and not against them ...use knowledge of their first language in learning a second language ...learn to make intelligent guesses They ´re aware of general personality and cognitive characteristics or tendencies. Learners can, through a program of self awareness, understand who they are and take steps to change their style. There is a number of informal (not scored) and formal (scored) personality and cognitive style tests. How to teach strategies in the classroom: 1) Teach strategies through interactive techniques - to lower inhibition, you can play guessing and communication games, do group work, laugh with your students - to encourage risk- taking, praise students for trying out language - to build students self confidence, tell them that you believe in them - to promote cooperative learning, play down competition among students 2) Use compensatory techniques Several dozen techniques can be â€Å"prescribed† to help students to overcome problems. - to overcome low tolerance of ambiguity you can do brainstorming, role- play or skimming tasks -to overcome caution ( they want to get everything right before they speak) you can work with small groups, do role-play and work with fluency techniques. 3) Develop awareness of strategies/ styles - use strategy/ style check lists Review of our presentation We tried to demonstrate t... Free Essays on Learner Strategy Training Free Essays on Learner Strategy Training Learner Strategy Training It has its early roots in studies of â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† language learners. Relevant factors, believed to be contributing to their success, were extracted by using tests of psycolinguistic factors, interviews and other data analysis. Good learners... ... find their own way, taking charge of their learning ...are creative, developing a â€Å"feel† for language ...practice language inside and outside the classroom ...learn to continue talking and listening without understanding every word ...make errors work for them and not against them ...use knowledge of their first language in learning a second language ...learn to make intelligent guesses They ´re aware of general personality and cognitive characteristics or tendencies. Learners can, through a program of self awareness, understand who they are and take steps to change their style. There is a number of informal (not scored) and formal (scored) personality and cognitive style tests. How to teach strategies in the classroom: 1) Teach strategies through interactive techniques - to lower inhibition, you can play guessing and communication games, do group work, laugh with your students - to encourage risk- taking, praise students for trying out language - to build students self confidence, tell them that you believe in them - to promote cooperative learning, play down competition among students 2) Use compensatory techniques Several dozen techniques can be â€Å"prescribed† to help students to overcome problems. - to overcome low tolerance of ambiguity you can do brainstorming, role- play or skimming tasks -to overcome caution ( they want to get everything right before they speak) you can work with small groups, do role-play and work with fluency techniques. 3) Develop awareness of strategies/ styles - use strategy/ style check lists Review of our presentation We tried to demonstrate t...

The Chaco Road System - Southwestern Americas Ancient Roads

The Chaco Road System - Southwestern America's Ancient Roads One of the most fascinating and intriguing aspects of Chaco Canyon is the Chaco Road, a system of roads radiating out from many Anasazi  Great House sites such as Pueblo Bonito, Chetro Ketl and Una Vida, and leading towards small outlier sites and natural features within and beyond the canyon limits. Through satellite images and ground investigations, archaeologists have detected at least eight main roads that together run for more than 180 miles (ca 300 kilometers), and are more than 30 feet (10 meters) wide. These were excavated into a smooth leveled surface in the bedrock or created through the removal of vegetation and soil. The Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) residents of Chaco Canyon cut large ramps and stairways into the cliff rock to connect the roadways on the ridgetops of the canyon to the sites on the valley bottoms. The largest roads, constructed at the same time as many of the Great Houses  (Pueblo II phase between AD 1000 and 1125), are: the Great North Road, the South Road, the Coyote Canyon Road, the Chacra Face Road, Ahshislepah Road, Mexican Springs Road, the West Road and the shorter Pintado-Chaco Road. Simple structures like berms and walls are found sometimes aligned along the courses of the roads. Also, some tracts of the roads lead to natural features such as springs, lakes, mountain tops and pinnacles. The Great North Road The longest and most famous of these roads is the Great North Road. The Great North Road originates from different routes close to Pueblo Bonito and Chetro Ketl. These roads converge at Pueblo Alto and from there lead north beyond the Canyon limits. There are no communities along the roads course, apart from small, isolated structures. The Great North Road does not connect Chacoan communities to other major centers outside the canyon. Also, material evidence of trade along the road is scarce. From a purely functional perspective, the road seems to go nowhere. Purposes of the Chaco Road Archaeological interpretations of the Chaco road system are divided between an economic purpose and a symbolic, ideological role linked to ancestral Puebloan beliefs. The system was first discovered at the end of the 19th century, and first excavated and studied in the 1970s. Archaeologists suggested that the roads main purpose was to transport local and exotic goods inside and outside the canyon. Someone also suggested that these large roads were used to quickly move an army from the canyon to the outlier communities, a purpose similar to the road systems known for the Roman empire. This last scenario has long been discarded because of the lack of any evidence of a permanent army. The economic purpose of the Chaco road system is shown by the presence of luxury items at Pueblo Bonito and elsewhere in the canyon. Items such as macaws, turquoise, marine shells, and imported vessels prove the long distance commercial relations Chaco had with other regions. A further suggestion is that the widespread use of timber in Chacoan constructionsa resource not locally availableneeded a large and easy transportation system. Chaco Road Religious Significance Other archaeologists think instead that the main purpose of the road system was a religious one, providing pathways for periodic pilgrimages and facilitating regional gatherings for seasonal ceremonies. Furthermore, considering that some of these roads seem to go nowhere, experts suggest that they can be linkedespecially the Great North Roadto astronomical observations, solstice marking, and agricultural cycles. This religious explanation is supported by modern Pueblo beliefs about a North Road leading to their place of origin and along which the spirits of the dead travel. According to modern pueblo people, this road represents the connection to the shipapu, the place of emergence of the ancestors. During their journey from the shipapu to the world of the living, the spirits stop along the road and eat the food left for them by the living. What Archaeology tells us About the Chaco Road Astronomy certainly played an important role in Chaco culture, as it is visible in the north-south axis alignment of many ceremonial structures. The main buildings at Pueblo Bonito, for example, are arranged according to this direction and probably served as central places for ceremonial journeys across the landscape. Sparse concentrations of ceramic fragments along the North Road have been related to some sort of ritual activities carried out along the roadway. Isolated structures located on the roadsides as well as on top of the canyon cliffs and ridge crests have been interpreted as shrines related to these activities. Finally, features such as long linear grooves were cut into the bedrock along certain roads which dont seem to point to a specific direction. It has been proposed that these were part of pilgrimage paths followed during ritual ceremonies. Archaeologists agree that the purpose of this road system may have changed through time and that the Chaco Road system probably functioned for both economic and ideological reasons. Its significance for archaeology lies in the possibility to understand the rich and sophisticated cultural expression of ancestral Puebloan societies. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Anasazi (Ancestral Puebloan) Culture, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Cordell, Linda 1997 The Archaeology of the Southwest. Second Edition. Academic Press Soafer Anna, Michael P. Marshall and Rolf M. Sinclair 1989 The great North Road: a cosmographic expression of the Chaco culture of New Mexico. In World Archaeoastronomy, edited by Anthony Aveni, Oxford University Press. pp: 365-376 Vivian, R. Gwinn and Bruce Hilpert 2002 The Chaco Handbook. An Encyclopedic Guide. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

Statutory Interpretation Within The Courts Of England & Wales Essay - 1

Statutory Interpretation Within The Courts Of England & Wales - Essay Example In this essay, the primary purpose is to identify the standard powers available to the courts in England and wales in association with statutory interpretation. Moreover, the essay will explore how the canon of judicial precedent employs statutory interpretation. Users of the law such as students, practitioners, academics are in many times faced with difficulty to interpret drafted laws. Factors that lead to the need for the interpretation have already been highlighted and shall be divided into two i.e. due to insufficiency or narrowness and broadness or the legislation being general. To clarify such matters, the court has the power to give guidance and interpret such law by administering justice to the people. Therefore, in this regard, there are three basic rules ‘Canons’ that are at the disposal of the court to determine the targets and the meaning of a statute (Edlin, 2007). Further According to Keenan and Riches in their book Business Law, judges must follow the laid out guidelines that are categorized according to their origin i.e. either statutory rules or common law rules. For example, under the statutory rules interpretation sections are found in the Modern acts (interpretation Act 1978 and internal/intrinsic aids). On the other hand, common law rules guides the judge on how to interpret (Literal rule, Golden rule, and mischief rule) ( Keenan & Riches, 2011). This is the first rule of statutory interpretation where the court is expected to assess the common and basic understanding and meaning of a provision. This rule is aimed at maintaining the original intent of parliament. Hence, in case ambiguity is present the natural and original dictionary meaning is applied. Consequently the literal rule is greatly recognized because it respects parliamentary independence. However, this also means that judges are not at liberty in regards to statutory interpretation. More so, the literal rule does not go without its flaws for example the use of dictionary

Today's College Students Are Serious Minded When It Comes To Academics Essay

Today's College Students Are Serious Minded When It Comes To Academics - Essay Example In this topic the main problem says that today’s students are serious minded when it comes to academics. Many dictionaries define academics as a part of higher education. Hence it is strongly argued that academics does not relate to the education alone that the students receive within colleges, it can also be linked to other curricular activities that are being offered within an large educational institute such as a University. Author says, that nowadays academics become very challenging and it is difficult to obtain an admission in well renowned Universities because of very high concurention between applicants. Autor refers to the Ivy League. This hard competition leads to the shifted focus towards excessive education from students. However, students became far more serious in academics. Reduced job opportunities in the global market have also led to the aumentation of the student’s interest in the proceeding of further academics in universities/colleges. Author agrees with the statement that nowadays grades/ GPA has a great impact for every student with respect to scholarships and future employment prospects after graduation. Grades and GPA’s are associated with scholarships and jobs. If a student is unable to attain a prescribed level of GPA, he may not be entitled to scholarships offered within a university. These scholarships are considered really helpful because of the fact that education has become really expensive in recent years and there is a reduction in the number of people who can actually afford to get their children enrolled at the current surcharge offered by universities.

Can We Say NO To Recycling Essay -- science

Can We Say "NO" To Recycling Lately the earth’s capacity to tolerate exploitation and absorb solid wastes disposal has diminished, due to excess trashing. People dispose lots of stuff, and simply do not care. Therefore scientists found out a way to reuse things and that process was called "recycling". This new approach seemed quite successful at the beginning, until its true identity appeared. Recycling first started as man’s best friend, people were intrigued by this new phenomena. What could be better than using things that were already used. Recycling has been very useful especially that man is constantly consuming, burning up, wearing out, replacing and disposing at an alarming rate.(Durning 1992). However, unfortunately recycling has proven that it is quite costly. Although recycling of wastes material solves the problem of garbage disposal at landfills, and saves resources, it does nevertheless entail large hidden costs in collecting, sorting and manufacturing; therefore, it is necessary for the go vernment to overcome such problems of recycling to be worth while and for manufacturers and consumers to consume less. Recycling has proven its efficiency in solving the problem of garbage disposal at landfills1. By the accumulation of garbage throughout the years, space available for garbage has largely diminished. In the states for example almost 67% of their waste stream ends up in landfills.(Scott 25). This has in fact increased the price of disposal. As Kimball stated "tipping fees" at landfills, is so often prohibitive(3), and some cannot find landfills to dump their garbage. It can cost up to $158 to pick a ton of garbage and dispose it.(Consumer Reports 1994). Beside, these landfills pollute their surroundings area with lots of hazardous materials and contaminate underground water. To discover the contamination of the underground water it would be 12 yeas after the poisons-benzene; formaldehyde; mercury; and BCEE- have actually contaminated the land, and had sunk 24 feet into the ground contaminating about 50 million gallons of underground water.(Dahir 94). Besides these lands could be used i n more useful ways such as building schools, hospitals, or simply turning them into large green areas to purify the air. This problem is practically acute in Egypt, since we do find even in central areas of the city, piles of garbage disposal very near to... ... washed and used several times." (Scott 25). As we can see the benefits are over-estimated, and the costs are under-estimated. What we should do is not only look for an alternative but also look for other ways to improve recycling. The natural resources will not last for ever, eventually everything comes to an end and the end is very near to our natural resources. What is of greater importance is to find alternatives to such resources if they actually become extinct. Recycling is backed by most of the general public, for its ideas of saving the environment, energy, and virgin material. But it is not that good or that efficient it still costs money and is not that safe. "Recycling does not necessarily provide for safer or more environmentally sound disposal than landfilling or incinerators. The recycling process itself generates enormous amounts of hazardous wastes."(Schaumburg 32). In addition it will decrease and maybe solve the problem of the ever increasing pollution. Imagine that every time som! eone throws a piece of paper in the garbage is similar to a person cutting a leaf off a tree. This is what happens when one does so, so recycling was the way to solve such a problem.

Compare the play “Killed” with “Blue Remembered Hills” Essay

In this essay I will compare the two plays â€Å"Killed† and â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills†. The play â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† was written by Dennis Potter, I have been studying the Samuel French LTD edition. It is set in 1943 in the south west of Britain. â€Å"Killed† was written by Fred Hawksley, it is set mostly in France with flash backs to Manchester. Both plays are set in war times, â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† takes place in the Second World War and â€Å"Killed† is set in the First World War. In â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† the war is a back ground to the story; it is referred to but never seen, unlike â€Å"Killed† where the war is what makes the story. When we acted out the play â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† I played John, he is a child who is part of a gang, a lot like the 14 platoon in â€Å"Killed†. In both there is a strong sense of hierarchy; in â€Å"Killed† there is no answering back to the one in charge this being the R.S.M. and in â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† the character in charge is Wallace Wilson, although ever elusive on stage he is constantly mentioned in the dialogue as â€Å"†¦no.1† in the group. The speech in â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† is very naturalistic using slang to enhance the informal feel of the play. â€Å"Killed† uses a more formal register when someone is in the presence of the R.S.M but takes a more natural tone when Billy remembers life in Manchester. They both have similar story lines where a group of friends are forced, or accidentally kill another one of their friends. They are both tragedies because the endings are sad and a friend ends up dead. In â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† war is an exciting and glorified vision in the minds of the children. In â€Å"Killed† Billy is executed by his own side in the First World War and shows the harsh reality of being a solder in the trenches on the front line. The two plays have very different views of war. The characters in the two plays have very different personalities, yet they resemble some of the personalities from the other, for example the R.S.M. and Peter being a kind of leader figures bossing the members of the group. Billy and Donald also show similarities as they both die and their friends play a part in their deaths. The two plays would be performed very differently, â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† is very natural; running in almost real time unlike â€Å"Killed† which is very stylistic and happens over two years with narrated flash backs. I would show these flash backs via the flash back being acted out on stage while Billy addresses the audience not being able to interact with the flash back although he tries to. I would create a simple set for â€Å"Killed† maybe some seats and a table for Billy’s home in Manchester and some staging lined up to make the lip of the trench. For the â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† set we made a barn behind a woodland scene so that the whole scene could take place without any changes to the set and used the whole stage well. For costumes I would have Billy from â€Å"Killed† in a First World War uniform and in â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† I would try to find some clothes that could help an actor inhabit the role of a child in the 1940s. The two plays are both very interesting and conjure different visions of war, in â€Å"Blue Remembered Hills† the World War engulfs all lands over seas and yet the children in mainland Britain have only heard the glorified version of the war, whereas Billy in ‘Killed’ believes he will become a hero but finds that war is not as heroic as he thought.

Declaration Of The United States - 1530 Words

Declaration of War It is very well known within the American public that Congress is the only one who has the power to declare war. Interestingly enough, ever since World War II congress has yet to formally declare war on anyone. For this reason, it is fair to say that the power to declare war has shifted away from congress and towards the President as congress merely agrees to seek resolutions involving military efforts but, again, without actually formally declaring war (Official Declarations of War by Congress). In Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution of the United States, the very details of this power are written for the country to make out. This power was placed upon Congress in order to check the president, who happens to be†¦show more content†¦As great as the idea may sound, this ever so important power is far too complex that irrefutably, congress shall continue to exercise their power given to them by the founding fathers and the President maintain his power in regards to military command. If there was a new amendment, it would rewrite the US Constitution and permit the American public to vote on whether or not the United States of America can go to war. However, this idea would not be feasible as the United States public does not seem to participate well in voting events, there is time sensitivity, and other ramifications that involve politics. If the United States was to amend this law and put it in the hand of the people, it would be difficult to say that most Americans would vote on such an important matter. In recent Presidential elections, which arguably are the most important elections the United States has, 61.6 percent of the eligible population voted (2008 Voter Turnout). Within the primaries, the percent dropped eighteen percent since the 2010 election (Schwarz). With the numbers being tremendously low it is hard to put such an immense responsibility within the American citizens if they do not even show much interest in elec ting the Commander in Chief for the next 4 years. That is not to say that no one will vote, but if there is about 40 percent of the population being left out in such a crucial decision how is it fair to say that the right choice would be